Integrated transportation scenario planning FHWA-HEP-10-034

Repor

Barriers to the secondary use of data in critical care

Purpose: We explore the challenges of the secondary use of data in clinical information systems (CIS) which critical care units in the National Health Service (England) are facing. Methods: We conducted an online survey of Critical Care Units in England regarding their practices in collecting and using clinical information systems and data. Results: Critical care units use CIS’s typically independently of hospital information systems and focus mainly on using data for auditing, management reporting and research. Respondents reported that extracting data from their CIS was difficult and that they would use stored data more if it were easier to access. Data extraction takes time and who extracts data, the training they receive and the tools they use affect the extraction and use of data. Conclusion: A number of key challenges affects the secondary use of data in critical care: a lack of integration of information systems within critical care and across departments; barriers to accessing data; mismatched data tools and user requests. Data are predominantly used for reporting and research with less emphasis on using data to inform clinical practice

Global predictors of language endangerment and the future of linguistic diversity

Language diversity is under threat. While each language is subject to specific social, demographic and political pressures, there may also be common threatening processes. We use an analysis of 6,511 spoken languages with 51 predictor variables spanning aspects of population, documentation, legal recognition, education policy, socioeconomic indicators and environmental features to show that, counter to common perception, contact with other languages per se is not a driver of language loss. However, greater road density, which may encourage population movement, is associated with increased endangerment. Higher average years of schooling is also associated with greater endangerment, evidence that formal education can contribute to loss of language diversity. Without intervention, language loss could triple within 40 years, with at least one language lost per month. To avoid the loss of over 1,500 languages by the end of the century, urgent investment is needed in language documentation, bilingual education programmes and other community-based programmes.Results and discussion - Current patterns of endangerment. - Predictors of language endangerment. - Predicting future language. - Safeguarding language diversity. Method

Erratum: “Radiative heat load distribution on the EU-DEMO first wall due to mitigated disruptions” (Nuclear Materials and Energy (2020) 25, (S2352179120300971), (10.1016/j.nme.2020.100824))

The publisher regrets for the incorrect affiliation reported in the paper for one of the authors (S. Dulla, Politecnico di Torino). The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused

Radiative heat load distribution on the EU-DEMO first wall due to mitigated disruptions

The EU-DEMO First Wall (FW) will be a relatively thin structure. In order not to damage this layer, heat loads distributed onto the wall should be carefully controlled. In the case of transient events, as for example plasma disruptions, the steady-state heat load limit (~1-2 MW/m^2) can be largely exceeded for a timespan sufficiently long to cause damages. Therefore, when the control system detects an upcoming disruption, Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI) or Massive Gas Injection (MGI) mitigation techniques can be employed to inject impurities and switch off the plasma safely. In the present work, the Monte-Carlo ray-tracing code CHERAB is used to compute the radiative heat load distribution on the EU-DEMO Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) due to a mitigated plasma disruption. By applying ad-hoc techniques to improve the quality of the Monte Carlo calculation, we obtain a peak radiative load of ~490 MW/m^2 on the PFCs, which is ~25% lower than previous estimates